https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1756
Municipal organic waste compost replaces mineral fertilization in the horticultural cropping systems, reducing the pollution risk
Submitted: 17 October 2020
Accepted: 3 March 2021
Published: 22 March 2021
Accepted: 3 March 2021
Abstract Views: 1529
HTML: 43
PDF: 667
PDF: 667
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Municipal waste compost was evaluated under open field conditions for replacing synthetic fertilizers in a vegetable three-year succession. Three compost rates, 45 t ha–1, 30 t ha–1 and 15 t ha–1 (dry matter), and compost at 15 t ha–1 combined with 25%, and 50% of the full synthetic nitrogen rate, were compared to full and none synthetic nitrogen fertilizations. Crop succession was: tomato followed by endive in the first year; eggplant and, then, broccoli in the second year; tomato and, then, endive/broccoli, in the third year. The application of compost at a dose of at least 30 t ha–1 or at 15 t ha–1 with the addition of 25% of the full synthetic nitrogen rate, in Spring-Summer cycle, sustained growth and yield at levels comparable with those of synthetic nitrogen fertilization. However, only a very poor residual effect of the compost soil treatment on the yield of Autumn-Winter crops, was observed. Monitoring of nitrate content into the soil during cropping seasons, a reduction of the risk of groundwater pollution was displayed due to nitrates released by compost, respect to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer. The cumulative effects of compost application on soil properties were detected at the end of the field trials, registering changes in chemical parameters analysed, except for phosphorus and boron.
Highlights
- Municipal solid organic waste compost (MSWC) integrated with N fertilizers can sustain vegetable production.
- MSWC (at least 30 t ha–1 d.w.) replaced synthetic fertilizers for tomato and eggplant productions.
- N fertilizer integration to the compost residual effect is necessary to sustain endive and broccoli productions.
- MSWC (at 15 t ha–1 d.w.) needs 25% of N integration to reduce the gap with plant only fertilized with N fertilizer.
- MSWC preserved soil quality and avoided accumulation of undesired metals, such as Cu and Zn.
Adamtey N, Cofie O, Ofosu-Budu GK, Danso SKA, Forster D, 2009. Production and storage of N-enriched co-compost. Waste Manage. 29:2429-36.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.04.014
Aggelides SM, Londra PA, 2000. Effects of compost produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresour. Technol. 71:253-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00074-7
Ali AF, Hassan EA, Hamad EH, Abo-Quta WMH, 2017. Effect of compost, ascorbic acid and salicylic acid treatments on growth, yield and oil production of fennel plant. Assiut. J. Agric. Sci. 48:1-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2016.3736
Albiach R, Canet R, Pomares F, Ingelmo F, 2000. Microbial biomass content and enzymatic activities after the application of organic amendments to a horticultural soil. Bioresour. Technol. 75:43-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00030-4
Araujo AS, de Melo WJ, Singh RP, 2010 Municipal solid waste compost amendment in agricultural soil: changes in soil microbial biomass. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio. 9:41-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-009-9179-6
Baldantoni D, Leone A, Iovieno P, Morra L, Zaccardelli M, Alfani A, 2010. Total and available soil trace element concentrations in two Mediterranean agricultural systems treated with municipal waste compost or conventional mineral fertilizers. Chemosphere 80:1006-13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.033
Bastida F, Moreno JL, Garcia C, Hernandez T, 2007a. Addition of urban waste to semiarid degraded soil: long-term effect. Pedoshphere 17:557-67.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60066-6
Bastida F, Moreno JL, Hernandez T, Garcia C, 2007b. The longterm effects of the management of a forest soil on its carbon content, microbial biomass and activity under a semi-arid climate. Appl. Soil Ecol. 37:53-62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.03.010
Bortolini S, Macavei LI, Saadoun JH, Foca G, Ulrici A, Bernini F, Malferrari D, Setti L, Ronga D, Maistrello L, 2020. Hermetia illucens (L.) larvae as chicken manure management tool for circular economy. J. Clean. Prod. 121289.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121289
Bouzaiane O, Cherif H, Saidi N, Jedidi N, Hassen A, 2007. Effects of municipal solid waste compost application on the microbial biomass of cultivated and non-cultivated soil in a semi-arid zone. Waste Manag. Res. 25:334-42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07078287
Bouzaiane O, Jedidi N, Hassen A, 2014. Microbial biomass improvement following municipal solid waste compost application in agricultural soil. In: D. K. Maheshwari (Ed.), Composting for sustainable agriculture. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp 199-208.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08004-8_10
Cala V, Cases MA, Walter I, 2005. Biomass production and heavy metal content of Rosmarinus officinalis grown on organic waste-amended soil. J. Arid Environ. 62:401-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.01.007
Carbonell G, de Imperial RM, Torrijos M, Delgado M, Rodriguez JA, 2011. Effects of municipal solid waste compost and mineral fertilizer amendments on soil properties and heavy metals distribution in maize plants (Zea mays L.). Chemosphere 85:1614-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.025
Celano G, Alluvione F, Abdel Aziz M, Spaccini R, 2012. The carbon dynamics in the experimental plots. Use of 13C- and 15N-labelled compounds for the soil-plant balance in carbon sequestration. In: A. Piccolo (Ed.), Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. A multidisciplinary approach to innovative methods. Springer, Düsseldorf, Germany, pp. 107-144.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23385-2_5
Conklin AE, Erich MS, Liebman M, Lambert D, Gallandt ER, Halteman WA, 2002. Effects of red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure and compost soil amendments on wild mustard (Brassica kaber) growth and incidence of disease. Plant. Soil. 238:245-56.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014448612066
Crecchio C, Curci M, Pizzigallo MDR, Ricciuti P, Ruggiero P, 2004. Effects of municipal solid waste compost amendments on soil enzyme activities and bacterial genetic diversity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36:1595-605.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.016
Fagnano M, Adamo P, Zampella M, Fiorentino N, 2011. Environmental and agronomic impact of fertilization with composted organic fraction from municipal solid waste: a case study in the region of Naples, Italy. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 141:100-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.02.019
Garcia-Gil JC, Ceppi SB, Velasco MI, Polo A, Senesi N, 2004. Long-term effects of amendment with municipal solid waste compost on the elemental and acidic functional group composition and pH-buffer capacity of soil humic acids. Geoderma 121:135-42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.11.004
Garcia-Gil JC, Plaza C, Soler-Rovira P, Polo A, 2000. Long-term effects of municipal solid waste compost application on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32:1907-13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00165-6
Ghaly AE, Alkoaik FN, 2010. Effect of municipal solid waste compost on the growth and production of vegetable crops. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 5:274-81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2010.274.281
Ghorbani R, Koocheki A, Jahan M, Asadi GA, 2008. Impact of organic amendments and compost extracts on tomato production and storability in agroecological systems. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 28:307-11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008003
Ghosh S, Lockwood P, Daniel H, King K, 2010. Short-term effects of organic amendments on properties of a Vertisol. Waste Manag. Res. 28:1087-1095.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X09359105
Giotis C, Markelou E, Theodoropoulou A, Toufexi E, Hodson R, Shotton P, Shiel R. Cooper J, Leifert C, 2008. Effect of soil amendments and biological control agents (BCAs) on soil-borne root diseases caused by Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Verticillium albo-atrum in organic greenhouse tomato producing systems. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 123:387-400.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9376-0
Green SJ, Michel JFC, Hadar Y, Minz D, 2004. Similarity of bacterial communities in sawdust- and straw-amended cow manure composts. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 233:115-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.01.049
Guerrero C, Gomez I, Moral R, Mataix-Solera J, Mataix-Beneyto J, Hernandez T, 2001. Reclamation of a burned forest soil with municipal waste compost: macronutrient dynamic and improved vegetation cover recovery. Bioresour. Technol. 76:221-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00125-5
Haghighi M, Barzegar MR, da Silva, JAT, 2016. The effect of municipal solid waste compost, peat, perlite and vermicompost on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) growth and yield in a hydroponic system. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 5:231-42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-016-0133-7
Han KH, Choi WJ, Han GH, Yun SI, Yoo SH, Ro HM, 2004. Urea-nitrogen transformation and compost-nitrogen mineralization in three different soils as affected by the interaction between both nitrogen inputs. Biol. Fertil. Soils 39:193-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-003-0704-4
Hargreaves JC, Adl MS, Warman PR, 2008a. A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 123:1-14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.07.004
Hargreaves JC, Adl MS, Warman PR, Rupasinghe HPV, 2008b. The effects of organic and conventional nutrient amendments on strawberry cultivation: fruit yield and quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 88:2669-75.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3388
Hargreaves JC, Adl MS, Warman PR, Rupasinghe HPV, 2008c. The effects of organic amendments on mineral element uptake and fruit quality of raspberries. Plant. Soil. 308:213-26.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9621-5
Hassen A, Jedidi N, Cherif M, M’Hiri A, Boudabous A, van Cleemput O, 1998. Mineralization of nitrogen in a clayey loamy soil amended with organic wastes enriched with Zn, Cu and Cd. Bioresour. Technol. 64:39-45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00153-3
Hébert M, Karam A, Parent LE, 1991. Mineralization of nitrogen and carbon in soils amended with composted manure. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 7:349-61.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1991.9754565
Hepperly P, Lotter D, Ziegler UC, Seidel R, Reider C, 2009. Compost, manure and synthetic fertilizer influences crop yields, soil properties, nitrate leaching and crop nutrient content. Compost Sci. Util. 17:117-26.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2009.10702410
Hu Y, Barker AV, 2004. Evaluation of composts and their combinations with other materials on tomato growth. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 35:2789-807.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200036448
Iglesias-Jimenez E, Alvarez CE, 1993. Apparent availability of nitrose in composted municipal refuse. Biol. Fertil. Soils 16:313-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00369312
Iovieno P, Morra L, Leone A, Pagano L, Alfani A, 2009. Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil respiration and enzyme activities of two Mediterranean horticultural soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils 45:555-61.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-009-0365-z
Jaber FH, Shukla S, Stoffella PJ, Obreza T, Hanlon EA, 2005. Impact of organic amendments on groundwater nitrogen concentrations for sandy and calcareous soils. Compost. Sci. Util. 13:194-202.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2005.10702240
Kjeldahl C, 1883. A new method for the determination of nitrogen in organic matter. Z. Anal. Chem. 22:366.
Kowaljow E, Mazzarino MJ, Satti P, Rodrıguez CJ, 2010. Organic and inorganic fertilizer effects on a degraded Patagonian rangeland. Plant. Soil. 332:135-45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0279-4
Kowaljowa E, Mazzarino M, 2007. Soil restoration in semiarid Patagonia: chemical and biological response to different compost quality. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 39:1580-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.01.008
Lakhdar A, Rabhi M, Ghnaya T, Montemurro F, Jedidi N, Abdelly C, 2009. Effectiveness of compost use in salt-affected soil. J. Hazard Mater. 171:29-37.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.132
Mathivanan S, Chidambaram AL, Sundaramoorthy PA, Kalaikandhan R, 2012. Effect of vermicompost on germination and biochemical constituents of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedling. Int. J. Res. Biol. Sci. 2:54-9.
Mauromicale G, Longo AMG, Lo Monaco A, 2011. The effect of organic supplementation of solarized soil on the quality of tomato fruit. Sci. Hortic. 129:189-96.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.024
Montemurro F, Maiorana M, Convertini GE, Ferri D, 2004. Risposte produttive, qualitative e nutrizionali del pomodoro da industria alla fertilizzazione organica con RSU-compost. Agroindustria 3:29-33.
Noirot-Cosson PE, Dhaouadi K, Etievant V, Vaudour E, Houot S, 2017. Parameterisation of the NCSOIL model to simulate C and N short-term mineralisation of exogenous organic matter in different soils. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 104:128-40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.10.015
Pagano L, Iovieno P, Zaccardelli M, Morra L, 2008. Soil organic matter dynamic as affected by municipal food waste compost fertilization in Southern Italy. Adv. GeoEcol. 34:357-70.
Pane C, Villecco D, Zaccardelli M, 2010. Response of microbial communities to compost amendment of soil and effect on disease suppressiveness. J. Plant. Pathol. S4:92-93.
Pane C, Spaccini R, Piccolo A, Scala F, Bonanomi G, 2011. Compost amendments enhance peat suppressiveness to Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia minor. Biol. Control 56:115-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2010.10.002
Pane C, Celano G, Villecco D, Zaccardelli M, 2012c. Control of Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Pyrenochaeta lycopersici on tomato with whey compost-tea applications. Crop Prot. 38:80-86.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.03.012
Pane C, Villecco D, Campanile F, Zaccardelli M, 2012b. Novel strains of Bacillus, isolated from compost and compost-amended soils, as biological control agents against soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 22:1373-88.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2012.729143
Pane C, Villecco D, Zaccardelli M, 2012a. Short-time response of microbial communities to waste compost amendment of an intensive cultivated soil in Southern Italy. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 44:2344-52.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.803566
Paradelo R, Moldes AB, González D, Barral MT, 2012. Plant tests for determining the suitability of grape marc composts as components of plant growth media. Waste Manag. Res. 30:1059-65.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X12451307
Pedra F, Polo A, Ribeiro A, Domingues H, 2007. Effects of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge on mineralization of soil organic matter. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39:1375-82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.12.014
Pinamonti F, Stringari G, Zorzi G, 1997. Use of compost in soilless cultivation. Compost Sci. Util. 5:38-46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.1997.10701872
Ramos MC, Martınez-Casasnovas JA, 2006. Erosion rates and nutrient losses affected by composted cattle manure application in vineyard soils of NE Spain. Catena 68:177-85.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.04.004
Rigane MK, Medhioub K, 2011. Assessment of properties of Tunisian agricultural waste compost: application as components in reconstituted anthropic soils and their effects on tomato yield and quality. Resour. Conser. Recy. 55:785-92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.03.012
Ronga D, Francia E, Allesina G, Pedrazzi S, Zaccardelli M, Pane C, Tava A, Bignami C, 2019a. Valorization of vineyard by-products to obtain composted digestate and biochar suitable for nursery grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) production. Agronomy 9:420.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080420
Ronga D, Mantovi P, Pacchioli MT, Pulvirenti A, Bigi F, Allesina G, Pedrazzi S, Tava A, Dal Prà A, 2020a. Combined effects of dewatering, composting and pelleting to valorize and delocalize livestock manure, improving agricultural sustainability. Agronomy 10:661.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050661
Ronga D, Pane C, Zaccardelli M, Pecchioni N, 2016. Use of spent coffee ground compost in peat-based growing media for the production of basil and tomato potting plants. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 47:356-68.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2015.1122803
Ronga D, Parisi M, Pentangelo A, Mori M, Di Mola I, 2019c. Effects of nitrogen management on biomass production and dry matter distribution of processing tomato cropped in southern Italy. Agronomy 9:855.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120855
Ronga D, Pentangelo A, Parisi M, 2020b. Optimizing N fertilization to improve yield, technological and nutritional quality of tomato grown in high fertility soil conditions. Plants 9:575.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050575
Ronga D, Villecco D, Zaccardelli, M, 2019b. Effects of compost and defatted oilseed meals as sustainable organic fertilisers on cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) production in the Mediterranean basin. J. Hortic. Sci. 94:664-75.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2019.1577186
Rosen CJ, Eliason R, 2005. Nutrient management for commercial fruit & vegetable crops in Minnesota. University of Minnesota Extension Service, St. Paul, MN, USA.
Sah RN, 1994. Nitrateâ€nitrogen determination - a critical review. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25:2841-69.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369230
Salgado M, Blu RO, Janssens M, Fincheira P, 2019. Grape pomace compost as a source of organic matter: Evolution of quality parameters to evaluate maturity and stability. J. Clean. Prod. 216:56-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.156
Sarkar D, Ferguson M, Datta R, Birnbaum S, 2005. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils: comparison of biosolids addition, carbon supplementation, and monitored natural attenuation. Environ. Pollut. 136:187-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.09.025
Semple KT, Reid BJ, Fermor TR, 2001. Impact of composting strategies on the treatment of soils contaminated with organic pollutants. Environ. Pollut. 112:269-83.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00099-3
Setti L, Francia E, Pulvirenti A, Gigliano S, Zaccardelli M, Pane C, Caradonia F, Bortolini S, Maistrello L, Ronga, D, 2019. Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae processing residue in peat-based growing media. Waste Manage. 95:278-88.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.017
Shabani H, Peyvast GA, Olfati JA, Kharrazi PR, 2011. Effect of municipal solid waste compost on yield and quality of eggplant. Comun. Sci. 2:85-90.
Shi W, Miller BE, Stark JM, Norton JM, 2004. Microbial nitrogen transformations in response to treated dairy waste in agricultural soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:1867-74.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1867
Shiralipour A, McConnell DB, Smith WH, 1992. Uses and benefits of MSW compost: a review and an assessment. Biomass Bioenerg. 3:267-79.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(92)90031-K
Sikora LJ, Enkiri NK, 2003. Availability of poultry litter compost P to fescue compared with tripple super phosphate. Soil Sci. 168:192-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000058891.60072.35
Singh RP, Agrawal M, 2008. Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Manag. 28:347-58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.010
Singh RP, Agrawal M, 2010. Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 73:632-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.01.020
Srivastava V, De Araujo ASF, Vaish B, Bartelt-Hunt S, Singh P, Singh RP, 2016. Biological response of using municipal solid waste compost in agriculture as fertilizer supplement. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio. 15:677-96.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-016-9407-9
SSSA (Soil Science Society of America), 1996. Methods of soil analysis, Part 3 - Chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
Tejada M, Garcia C, Gonzalez JL, Hernandez MT, 2006. Use of organic amendment as a strategy for saline soil remediation: influence on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38:1413-21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.10.017
Warman PR, Burnham JC, Eaton LJ, 2009. Effects of repeated applications of municipal solid waste compost and fertilizers to three lowbush blueberry fields. Sci. Hortic. 122:393-8 .
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.024
Weber J, Karczewska A, Drozd J, Licznar M, Licznar S, Jamroz E, Kocowicz A, 2007. Agricultural and ecological aspects of a sandy soil as affected by the application of municipal solid waste composts. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39:1294-302.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.12.005
Weber J, Kocowicz A, Bekier J, Jamroz E, Tyszka R, Debicka M, Parylak D, Kordas L, 2014. The effect of a sandy soil amendment with municipal solid waste (MSW) compost on nitrogen uptake efficiency by plants. Eur. J. Agron. 54:54-60.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.11.014
Wolkowski RP, 2003. Nitrogen management considerations for landspreading municipal solid waste compost. J. Envir. Quality 32:1844-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.1844
Zaccardelli M, Pane C. Scotti R, Palese AM, Celano G, 2012. Impiego di compost-tea come bioagrofarmaci e biostimolanti in orto-frutticoltura. Italus Hortus 19:17-28.
Zaccardelli M, Perrone D, Del Galdo A, Giordano I, Villari G, Bianco M, 2006. Multidisciplinary approach to validate compost use in vegetable crop systems in Campania Region (Italy): effect of compost fertilization on processing tomato in field cultivation. Acta Hortic. 700:285-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.700.50
Zucconi F, De Bertoldi M, 1986. Organic waste stabilization throughout composting and its compatibility with agricultural uses. In: D.L. Wise (Ed.), Global bioconversion. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 109-137.
How to Cite
Zaccardelli, M., Pane, C., Di Mola, I., Ronga, D., & Mori, M. (2021). Municipal organic waste compost replaces mineral fertilization in the horticultural cropping systems, reducing the pollution risk. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1756
Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.