https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1810
Improved salinity tolerance in early growth stage of maize through salicylic acid foliar application
Submitted: 19 January 2021
Accepted: 22 March 2021
Published: 30 August 2021
Accepted: 22 March 2021
Abstract Views: 2406
PDF: 857
Appendix: 93
HTML: 62
Appendix: 93
HTML: 62
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Soil salinity threatens agricultural production worldwide by constraining plant growth and final crop yield. The early stages are most sensitive to salinity, in response to which salicylic acid (SA) has demonstrated beneficial effects in various plant species. Based on this, a maize (Zea mays L.) pot experiment was set up combining three levels of soil salinity (0, 6 and 12 dS m–1), obtained through NaCl addition, with three levels of SA (0, 300 and 600 mM), applied by leaf spraying 20 days after seedling emergence. Fifteen days later, the following traits were assessed: morphology (plant height, leaf number), growth (root and shoot dry weight), leaf water status [relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL)], pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, anthocyanin), antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, vitamin C), oxidative stress markers (H2O2, malondialdehyde), osmo-regulating compounds (free amino acids, soluble proteins and sugars, proline), hormones [indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene], element (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl) concentration and content in roots, stem and leaves. Salinity severely affected maize growth (–26% total dry weight), impaired leaf water status (–31% RWC), reduced photosynthetic pigments, enhanced all antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers, two osmo-regulating compounds (soluble sugars and proline) out of four, and all hormones except GA. SA was shown effective in containing most of the stress effects, while supporting plant defences by upgrading antioxidant activities (reduced oxidative stress markers), increasing cell membrane stability (–24% EL) and leaf water status (+20% RWC), and reducing plant stress signalling (–10% ABA and -20% ethylene). Above all, SA contrasted the massive entry of noxious ions (Na+ and Cl–), in favour of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation. Lastly, salicylic acid was shown beneficial for maize growth and physiology also under non-saline condition, suggesting a potential use in normal field conditions.
Highlights
- Foliar applied salicylic acid alleviated salinity effects on maize growth at early plant stage.
- Salicylic acid improved leaf water status, chlorophyll content, and strengthened anti-oxidant enzymes under salinity.
- Salicylic acid reduced oxidative stress markers while enhancing osmo-regulating and hormonal responses to salinity.
- Salicylic acid hampered Na and Cl entry and translocation to above ground organs, preserving leaf cell membrane integrity.
- Salicylic acid was shown beneficial for maize growth and physiology also under non-saline conditions.
Acharya BR, Assmann SM, 2009. Hormone interactions in stomatal function. Plant Mol. Biol. 69:451-62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-008-9427-0
Ahmed W, Imran M, Yaseen M, Haq T, Jamshaid MU, Rukh S, Ikram RM, Ali M, Ali A, Maqbool M, Arif M, 2020. Role of salicylic acid in regulating ethylene and physiological characteristics for alleviating salinity stress on germination, growth and yield of sweet pepper. Peer J. 8:e8475.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8475
Alonso-RamÃrez A, RodrÃguez D, Reyes D, Jiménez JA, Nicolás G, López-Climent M, Gómez-Cadenas A, Nicolás C, 2009. Evidence for a role of gibberellins in salicylic acid-modulated early plant responses to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis seeds. Plant Physiol. 150:1335-44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.139352
Al-Whaibi MH, Siddiqui MH, Basalah MO, 2012. Salicylic acid and calcium-induced protection of wheat against salinity. Protoplasma 249:769-78.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-011-0322-1
Arnon DI, 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24:1-10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Asada K, 1987. Production and scavenging of active oxygen in photosynthesis. Photoinhib. 4:227-87.
Asensi-Fabado MA, Munné-Bosch S, 2011. The aba3-1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana withstands moderate doses of salt stress by modulating leaf growth and salicylic acid levels. J. Plant Growth Regul. 30:456-66.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-011-9208-x
Ashraf M, Akram NA, Arteca RN, Foolad MR, 2010. The physiological, biochemical and molecular roles of brassinosteroids and salicylic acid in plant processes and salt tolerance. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 29:162-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2010.483580
Ashraf MPJC, Harris PJC, 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci. 166:3-16.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.024
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID, 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
BerrÃos J, Illanes A, Aroca G, 2004. Spectrophotometric method for determining gibberellic acid in fermentation broths. Biotech. Letter 26:67-70.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BILE.0000009463.98203.8b
Bradford MM, 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Ann. Biochem. 72:248-54.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Cassaniti C, Romano D, Hop MC, Flowers TJ, 2013. Growing floricultural crops with brackish water. Environ. Exper. Bot. 92:165-75.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.006
Deinlein U, Stephan AB, Horie T, Luo W, Xu G, Schroeder JI, 2014. Plant salt-tolerance mechanisms. Trends Plant Sci. 19:371-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2014.02.001
Dempsey DMA, Klessig DF, 2017. How does the multifaceted plant hormone salicylic acid combat disease in plants and are similar mechanisms utilized in humans? BMC Biol. 15:1-11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0364-8
El-Mergawi RA, El-Wahed MS, 2020. Effect of exogenous salicylic acid or indole acetic acid on their endogenous levels, germination, and growth in maize. Bull. Nat. Res. Centre 44:1-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00416-7
El-Saidi MT, 1997. Salinity and its effect on growth, yield and some physiological processes of crop plants. In: P.K. Jaiwal, R.P. Singh, A. Gulati (Eds.), Strategies for improving salt tolerance in higher plants. Enfield, NH Science, USA, pp 111-27.
El-Tayeb MA, 2005. Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Reg. 45:215-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-4928-1
Eraslan F, Inal A, Gunes A, Alpaslan M, 2007. Impact of exogenous salicylic acid on the growth, antioxidant activity and physiology of carrot plants subjected to combined salinity and boron toxicity. Sci. Hort. 113:120-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.03.012
Escobar H, Bustos R, Fernández F, Cárcamo H, Silva H, Frank N, Cardemil L, 2010. Mitigating effect of salicylic acid and nitrate on water relations and osmotic adjustment in maize, cv. lluteño exposed to salinity. Cien. Invest. Agr. 37:71-81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202010000300006
Fahad S, Bano A, 2012. Effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical characterization of maize grown in saline area. Pak. J. Bot. 44:1433-8.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2019. Food and Agriculture Data. Avaliable from: http://www.fao.org/faostat
Faried HN, Ayyub CM, Amjad M, Ahmed R, Wattoo FM, Butt M, Bashir M, Shaheen MR, Waqas MA, 2017. Salicylic acid confers salt tolerance in potato plants by improving water relations, gaseous exchange, antioxidant activities and osmoregulation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 97:1868-75.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7989
Flowers TJ, Colmer TD, 2008. Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol. 7:945-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02531.x
Flowers TJ, Colmer TD, 2015. Plant salt tolerance: adaptations in halophytes. Ann. Bot. 115:327-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu267
Flowers TJ, Flowers SA, 2005. Why does salinity pose such a difficult problem for plant breeders? Agric. Water Manag. 78:15-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.04.015
Fox J, Weisberg S. 2018. An R companion to applied regression, third edition. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA, USA. Available from: https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion
Fu Y, Guo C, Wu H, Chen C, 2017. Arginine decarboxylase ADC2 enhances salt tolerance through increasing ROS scavenging enzyme activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Reg. 83:253-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0293-0
Gao HJ, Yang HY, Bai J, Liang XY, Lou Y, Zhang JL, Wang D, Zhang JL, Niu SQ, Chen Y, 2015. Ultrastructural and physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets to gradient saline stress. Front. Plant Sci. 5:787.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00787
Gill SS, Tuteja N, 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48:909-30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016
Golldack D, Quigley F, Michalowski CB, Kamasani UR, Bohnert HJ, 2003. Salinity stress-tolerant and-sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L.) regulate AKT1-type potassium channel transcripts differently. Plant Mol. Biol. 51:71-81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020763218045
Guan YJ, Hu J, Wang XJ, Shao CX, 2009. Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress. J. Zhejiang Uni. Sci. 10:427-33.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0820373
Gunes A, Inal A, Alpaslan M, Eraslan F, BagcÄ° EG, CÄ°cek N, 2007. Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. J. Plant Physiol. 164:728-36.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.12.009
Hamid M, Khalil UR, Ashraf, MY, 2010. Salicylic acid-induced growth and biochemical changes in saltâ€stressed wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 41:373-89.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620903494343
Hamilton PB, Van-Slyke DD, 1943. Amino acid determination with ninhydrin. J. Biol. Chem. 150:231-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51268-0
Hayat Q, Hayat S, Irfan M, Ahmad A, 2010. Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: a review. Environ. Exper. Bot. 68:14-25.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.08.005
Hayat S, Hasan SA, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad A, 2008. Growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in response to salicylic acid under water stress. J. Plant Inter. 3:297-304.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17429140802320797
Hokmabadi H, Arzani K, Grierson PF, 2005. Growth, chemical composition, and carbon isotope discrimination of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstock seedlings in response to salinity. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56:135-44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AR04088
Hoang HL, Guzman CC, Cadiz NM, Hoang TH, Tran DH, Rehman H, 2020. Salicylic acid and calcium signaling induce physiological and phytochemical changes to improve salinity tolerance in red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.). J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 20:1759-69.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00248-4
Hsu YT, Kao CH, 2003. Role of abscisic acid in cadmium tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Plant Cell Environ. 26:867-74.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01018.x
Husen A, Iqbal M, Sohrab SS, Ansari MKA, 2018. Salicylic acid alleviates salinity-caused damage to foliar functions, plant growth and antioxidant system in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Br.). Agric. Food Sci. 7:44-51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0194-0
Hussain S, Zhong C, Cao X, Bai Z, Huang J, Zhu L, Khaskheli MA, Zhang J, Jin QY, 2019. 1-Methylcyclopropene modulates physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant responses of rice to different salt stress levels. Front. Plant Sci. 10:124.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00124
Hussain S, Huang J, Zhu C, Zhu L, Cao X, Hussain S, Ashraf M, Khaskheli MA, Kong Y, Jin Q, Li X, 2020a. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate enhances the growth and morpho-physiological characteristics of rice cultivars by mitigating the ethylene accumulation under salinity stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 4:1-16.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.035
Hussain S, Zhu C, Huang J, Huang J, Zhu L, Cao X, Nanda S, Khaskheli MA, Liang Q, Kong Y, Jin Q, Zhang J, 2020b. Ethylene response of salt stressed rice seedlings following Ethephon and 1-methylcyclopropene seed priming. Plant Growth Reg. 92:219-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00632-1
Hussein MM, Balbaa LK, Gaballah MS, 2007. Salicylic acid and salinity effects on growth of maize plants. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3:321-8.
Jayakannan M, Bose J, Babourina O, Rengel Z, Shabala S, 2013. Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis by restoring membrane potential and preventing salt-induced K+ loss via a GORK channel. J. Exp. Bot. 64: 2255-68.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert085
Jayakannan M, Bose J, Babourina O, Rengel Z, Shabala S, 2015. Salicylic acid in plant salinity stress signalling and tolerance. Plant Growth Reg. 76:25-40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0028-z
Jini D, Joseph B, 2017. Physiological mechanism of salicylic acid for alleviation of salt stress in rice. Rice Sci. 24:97-108.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2016.07.007
Juan M, Rivero RM, Romero L, Ruiz JM, 2005. Evaluation of some nutritional and biochemical indicators in selecting salt-resistant tomato cultivars. Environ. Exp. Bot. 54:193-201.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.07.004
Karlidag H, Yildirim E, Turan M, 2009. Salicylic acid ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress on strawberry. Sci. Agric. 66:180-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162009000200006
Kaydanm D, Yagmur M, Okut N, 2007. Effects of salicylic acid on the growth and some physiological characters in salt stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Tarim. Bilim. Derg. 13:114-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarimbil_0000000444
Keskin BC, Sarikaya AT, Yuksel B, Memon AR, 2010. Abscisic acid regulated gene expression in bread wheat. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 4:617-25.
Khan MIR, Syeed S, Nazar R, Anjum NA, 2012. An insight into the role of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in salt stress tolerance. In Phytohormones and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 277-300.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25829-9_12
KimY, Kim S, Shim IS, 2017. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates salt-stress damage in cucumber under moderate nitrogen conditions by controlling endogenous salicylic acid levels. Hort. Environ. Biotech. 58:247-53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-017-0111-7
Kudla J, Becker D, Grill E, Hedrich R, Hippler M, Kummer U, Parniske M, Romeis T, Schumacher K, 2018. Advances and current challenges in calcium signaling. New Phytol. 218:414-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14966
Lê S, Josse J, Husson F, 2008. FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 25:1-18.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v025.i01
Lei T, Feng H, Sun X, Dai QL, Zhang F, Liang HG, Lin HH, 2010. The alternative pathway in cucumber seedlings under low temperature stress was enhanced by salicylic acid. Plant Growth Reg. 60:35-44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-009-9416-6
Lenth RV, Buerkner P, Herve M, Love J, Riebl H, Singmann H, 2020. Emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least squares means. R pack Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/emmeans/index.html
Li T, Hu Y, Du X, Tang H, Shen C, Wu J, 2014. Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress in Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii seedlings by activating photosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems. PLoS One. 9:e109492.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109492
Lutts S, Kinet JM, Bouharmont J, 1996. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Ann. Bot. 78:389-98.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0134
Malekzadeh P, 2015. Influence of exogenous application of glycinebetaine on antioxidative system and growth of salt-stressed soybean seedlings (Glycine max L.). Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 21:225-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-015-0292-4
Melgar JC, Benlloch M, Fernández-Escobar R, 2006. Calcium increases sodium exclusion in olive plants. Sci. Hort. 109:303-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.04.013
Miura K, Okamoto H, Okuma E, Shiba H, Kamada H, Hasegawa PM, Murata Y, 2013 SIZ1 deficiency causes reduced stomatal aperture and enhanced drought tolerance via controlling salicylic acidâ€induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 73:91-104.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12014
Miura K, Sato A, Ohta M, Furukawa J, 2011. Increased tolerance to salt stress in the phosphate-accumulating Arabidopsis mutants siz1 and pho2. Planta 234:1191-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-011-1476-y
Mostofa MG, Fujita M, 2013. Salicylic acid alleviates copper toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings by up-regulating antioxidative and glyoxalase systems. Ecotoxicol. 22:959-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1073-x
Muday GK, Rahman A, Binder BM, 2012. Auxin and ethylene: collaborators or competitors? Trends Plant Sci. 17:181-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.001
Mukherjee SP, Choudhuri MA, 1983. Implications of water stressâ€induced changes in the levels of endogenous ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide in Vigna seedlings. Plant Physiol. 58:166-70.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04162.x
Munns R, 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25:239-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
Munns R, Tester M, 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 59:651-81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
Nie W, Gong B, Chen Y, Wang J, Wei M, Shi Q, 2018. Photosynthetic capacity, ion homeostasis and reactive oxygen metabolism were involved in exogenous salicylic acid increasing cucumber seedlings tolerance to alkaline stress. Sci. Hort. 235:413-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.011
Parida AK, Das AB, 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plant: a review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 60:324-49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010
Qadir M, Quillerou E, Nangia V, Murtaza G, Singh M, Thomas RJ, Drechsel P, Noble AD, 2014. Economics of salt-induced land degradation and restoration. Nat. Res. Forum 38:282-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12054
Rahneshan Z, Nasibi F, Moghadam AA, 2018. Effects of salinity stress on some growth, physiological, biochemical parameters and nutrients in two pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstocks. J. Plant Inter. 13:73-82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2018.1424355
Rao KM, Sresty TVS, 2000. Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Sci. 157:113-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00273-9
Raza SH, Athar HR, Ashraf M, Hameed A, 2007. Glycinebetaine-induced modulation of antioxidant enzymes activities and ion accumulation in two wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Environ. Exper. Bot. 60:368-76.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2006.12.009
Rhoades JD, Kandiah A, Mashali AM, 1992. The use of saline waters for crop production. FAO Drainage and Irrigation Paper 48. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome.
Sarkar A, Ghosh PK, Pramanik K, Mitra S, Soren T, Pandey S, Mondal MH, Maiti TK, 2018. A halotolerant Enterobacter sp. Displaying ACC deaminase activity promotes rice seedling growth under salt stress. Microbiol. Res. 169:20-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2017.08.005
Shaki F, Maboud HE, Niknam V, 2019. Effects of salicylic acid on hormonal cross talk, fatty acids profile, and ions homeostasis from salt-stressed safflower. J. Plant Inter. 14:340-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2019.1635660
Shakirova FM, Sakhabutdinova AR, Bezrukova MV, Fatkhutdinova RA, Fatkhutdinova DR, 2003. Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Sci. 164:317-22.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00415-6
Shao Q, Wang H, Guo H, Zhou A, Huang Y, Sun Y, Li M, 2014. Effects of shade treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, chloroplast ultrastructure, and physiology of Anoectochilus roxburghii. PLoS One. 9:e85996.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085996
Sharma P, 2013. Salicylic acid: a novel plant growth regulator - role in physiological processes and abiotic stresses under changing environments. Clim. Change Plant Abiotic Stress Tol. 4:939-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527675265.ch36
Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey D, 1997. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometric approach, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY, USA, pp 663-6.
Steffens B, 2014. The role of ethylene and ROS in salinity, heavy metal, and flooding responses in rice. Front. Plant Sci. 5:685.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00685
Stevens J, Senaratna T, Sivasithamparam K, 2006. Salicylic acid induces salinity tolerance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Roma): associated changes in gas exchange, water relations and membrane stabilisation. Plant Growth Reg. 49:77-83.
Sudhir P, Murthy SDS, 2004. Effects of salt stress on basic processes of photosynthesis. Photosyn. 42:481-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/S11099-005-0001-6
Sun P, Tian QY, Zhao MG, Dai XY, Huang JH, Li LH, Zhang WH, 2007. Aluminum-induced ethylene production is associated with inhibition of root elongation in Lotus japonicus L. Plant Cell Physiol. 48:1229-35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcm077
Suzuki N, Rivero RM, Shulaev V, Blumwald E, Mittler R, 2014. Abiotic and biotic stress combinations. New Phytol. 203:32-43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12797
Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A, 2000. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci. 151:59-66.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00197-1
Waqas M, Yaning C, Iqbal H, Shareef M, Rehman H, Iqbal S, Mahmood S, 2019. Soil drenching of paclobutrazol: an efficient way to improve quinoa performance under salinity. Plant Physiol. 165:219-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12820
Weiler EW, Jourdan PS, Conrad W, 1981. Levels of indole-3-acetic acid in intact and decapitated coleoptiles as determined by a specific and highly sensitive solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. Planta 153:561-71.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00385542
Wickham H, 2009. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Available from: https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3
Yildirim E, Turan M, Guvenc I, 2008. Effect of foliar salicylic acid applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. J. Plant Nutr. 31:593-612.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160801895118
Zhang J, Jia W, Yang J, Ismail AM, 2006. Role of ABA in integrating plant responses to drought and salt stresses. Field Crop Res. 97:111-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.08.018
Zhu JK, 2002. Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 53:247-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.091401.143329
How to Cite
Sultan, I., Khan, I., Chattha, M. U., Hassan, M. U., Barbanti, L., Calone, R., Ali, M., Majid, S., Ghani, M. A., Batool, M., Izzat, W., & Usman, S. (2021). Improved salinity tolerance in early growth stage of maize through salicylic acid foliar application. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1810
Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.