https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2024.2219

Nutrient-coated urea mitigates deleterious impacts of salinity and supports wheat performance by enhancing antioxidant activities, photosynthetic performance and nitrogen use efficiency

Early Access
Published: 8 May 2024
Chlorophyll, coated urea, growth, NUE, nutrient homeostasis
Abstract Views: 311
PDF: 195
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: 28
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

  • Muhammad Umer Chattha Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  • Fiza Fatima Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  • Imran Khan Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  • Li Daji • lidaji@bcnu.edu.cn School of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Jilin, Baicheng, China.
  • Muhammad Bilal Chattha Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Adnan Rasheed College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
  • Rehab O. Elnour Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Dahran Al-Janoub, Saudi Arabia.
  • Tahani A.Y. Asseri Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
  • Mohamed Hashem Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
  • Haifa A.S. Alhaithloul Biology Department, Collage of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
  • Muhammad Umair Hassan Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
  • Sameer H. Qari Department of Biology, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Soil salinization has increased over recent years and is negatively affecting crop productivity. Nutrient application is an effective strategy to improve abiotic stress tolerance in crops. The application of coated fertilizers has emerged as an excellent approach to mitigate the adverse impacts of soil salinity. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of zinc and sulfur coated urea on the performance of wheat growing under saline conditions. The study comprised of diverse salinity stress levels; 0, 6 and 12 dS m-1, cross combined with normal urea (NU), zinc coated urea (ZCU) and sulfur coated urea (SCU). Salinity stress reduced wheat yield by impairing leaf water status, reducing photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes accumulation, potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) uptake while increasing sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) uptake and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) accumulation. The application of ZCU increased the wheat yield by enhancing photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status, antioxidant activities, osmolytes accumulation, and reducing H2O2, MDA and EL accumulation. Furthermore, the significant increase in growth and yield of wheat with ZCU and SCU was also linked with improved K and N uptake, higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduced Na and Cl concentration. Thus, the application of ZCU could be an effective approach to improve wheat productivity under saline conditions.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Abbas G, Saqib M, Rafique Q, Rahman A, Akhtar J, Haq M, 2013.Effect of salinity on grain yield and grain quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pak. J. Bot. 50: 185-189.
Acosta-Motos JR, Ortuño MF, Bernal-Vicente A, Díaz-Vivancos P, Sánchez-Blanco MJ, 2018. Plant responses to salt stress: Adaptative mechanisms. Agron. 7:18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7010018
Aebi H, 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 121-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3
Agami RA, Alamri SA, Abd El-Mageed TA, Abousekken MS, Hashem M, 2018. Role of exogenous nitrogen supply in alleviating the deficit irrigation stress in wheat plants. Agric. Water Manag. 210: 261-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.08.034
Ahanger MA, Tomar NS, Tittal M, Argal S, Agarwal R, 2019. Plant growth under water/salt stress: ROS production; antioxidants and significance of added potassium under such conditions. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plant 23: 731-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-017-0462-7
Ahmad A, Tola E, Alshahrani TS, Seleiman MF, 2023. Enhancement of morphological and physiological performance of Zea mays L. under saline stress using ZnO nanoparticles and 24-epibrassinolide seed priming. Agron. 13: 771. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030771
Ain NU, Naveed M, Hussain A, Mumtaz MZ, Rafique M, 2020. Impact of coating of urea with Bacillus augmented zinc oxide on wheat grown under salinity stress. Plants 9: 1375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101375
Al-Ashkar I, Alderfasi A, El-Hendawy S, Al-Suhaibani N, El-Kafafi S, Seleiman MF, 2019. Detecting salt tolerance in doubled haploid wheat lines. Agron. 9: 211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040211
Altaf A, Zhu X, Zhu M, Quan M, Irshad S, 2021. Effects of environmental stresses (heat, salt, waterlogging) on grain yield and associated traits of wheat under application of sulfur-coated urea. Agron. 11: 2340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112340
Aouz A, Khan I, Chattha MB, Ahmad S, Ali M, Ali I, Ali A, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Albishi TS, Qari SH, 2023. Silicon Induces heat and salinity tolerance in wheat by ıncreasing antioxidant activities, photosynthetic activity, nutrient homeostasis, and osmo-protectant synthesis. Plants 12: 2606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142606
Arnon DI, 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24:1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Azeem M, Pirjan K, Qasim M, Mahmood A, Javed T, Muhammad H, Yang S, Dong R, Ali B, Rahimi M, 2023. Salinity stress improves antioxidant potential by modulating physio-biochemical responses in Moringa oleifera Lam. Sci. Rep. 13: 2895. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29954-6
Badawy SA, Zayed BA, Bassiouni SM, Mahdi AH, Majrashi A, 2021. Influence of nano silicon and nano selenium on root characters, growth, ion selectivity, yield, and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salinity conditions. Plants. 10: 1657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081657
Balasubramaniam T, Shen G, Esmaeili N, Zhang H, 2023. Plants’ response mechanisms to salinity stress. Plants, 12: 2253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122253
Bhattarai S, Biswas D, Fu YB, Biligetu B, 2020. Morphological, physiological, and genetic responses to salt stress in alfalfa: A review. Agron. 10: 577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040577
Borella J, Becker R, Lima MC, Oliveira DD, Braga EJ, 2019. Nitrogen source influences the antioxidative system of soybean plants under hypoxia and re-oxygenation. Sci. Agric. 76: 51-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2017-0195
Bradford MM, 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Ann. Biochem. 72:248-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1976.9999
Carpici EB, Celik N, Bayram G, 2010. The effects of salt stress on the growth, biochemical parameter and mineral element content of some maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9: 6937-42.
Chen S, Xing J, Lan H, 2012. Comparative effects of neutral salt and alkaline salt stress on seed germination, early seedling growth and physiological response of a halophyte species Chenopodium glaucum. Afr. J. Biotechnol.11: 9572-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.320
Cordiano R, DiGioacchino M, Mangifesta R, Panzera C, Gangemi S, Minciullo PL, 2023. Malondialdehyde as a potential oxidative stress marker for allergy-oriented diseases: an update. Molecules, 28: 5979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165979
Dabravolski SA, Isayenkov SV, 2024. The Physiological and molecular mechanisms of silicon action in salt stress amelioration. Plants, 13: 525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040525
Dewi ES, Abdulai I, Bracho-Mujica G, Appiah M, Rötter RP, 2023. Agronomic and physiological traits response of three tropical sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars to drought and salinity. Agron. 13: 2788.Docimo T, De Stefano R, Cappetta E, Piccinelli AL, Celano R, 2020. Physiological, biochemical, and metabolic responses to short and prolonged saline stress in two cultivated cardoon genotypes. Plant, 9: 554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112788
Diaz-Pérez JC, Shackel KA, Sutter EG, 1995. Relative water content and water potential of tissue 1. J. Exper. Bot. 46, 111-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/46.1.111
Dustgeer Z, Seleiman MF, Imran K, Chattha MU, Alhammad BA, 2021. Glycine-betaine induced salinity tolerance in maize by regulating the physiological attributes, antioxidant defense system and ionic homeostasis. Not. Bot. Hortic. Agrobot. Cluj-Nap. 49:12248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha49112248
Eghbali-Babadi F, Yunus R, Abbasi A, Masoudi Soltani S, 2019. Response surface method in the optimization of a rotary pan-equipped process for increased efficiency of slow-release coated urea. Processes. 7:125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7030125
El-maghraby FM, Shaker EM, Elbagory M, Omara AED, Khalifa TH, 2024. The synergistic impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and compost tea to enhance bacterial community and improve crop productivity under saline–sodic condition. Plants, 13: 629.Elkarmout AF, Yang M, Hassan FA, 2022. Chitosan treatment effectively alleviates the adverse effects of salinity in Moringa oleifera lam via enhancing antioxidant system and nutrient homeostasis. Agron.12: 2513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050629
El-Saidi MT, 1997. Salinity and its effect on growth, yield and some physiological processes of crop plants. In: Jaiwal PK, Singh A, Gulati A, (Eds.) Strategies for improving salt tolerance in higher plants. Enfield, NH Science, USA. PP, 111-27.
Farag HA, Ibrahim MF, El-Yazied AA, El-Beltagi HS, El-Gawad HGA, Alqurashi M, Shalaby TA, Mansour AT, Alkhateeb AA, Farag R, 2022. Applied selenium as a powerful antioxidant to mitigate the harmful effects of salinity stress in snap bean seedlings. Agronomy 12, 3215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123215
Fatma M, Iqbal N, Gautam H, Sehar Z, Sofo A, 2021. Ethylene and sulfur coordinately modulate the antioxidant system and ABA accumulation in mustard plants under salt stress. Plant 10: 180. Feng D, Gao Q, Liu J, Tang J, Hua Z, Sun X, (2023) Categories of exogenous substances and their efect on alleviation of plant salt stress. Eur. J. Agron. 142:126656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010180
Fu Y, Li P, Mounkaila AK, Wan S, Gao Y, Wang X, 2023. Effects of single and combined drought and salinity stress on the root morphological characteristics and root hydraulic conductivity of different winter wheat varieties. Plants 12: 2694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142694
Gautam S, Tiwari U, Sapkota B, Sharma B, Parajuli S, Pandit NR, Gaihre YK, Dhakal K, 2022. Field evaluation of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and real-time nitrogen management tools to improve grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in Nepal. Heliyon, 8: e09566.Ghafoor I, Habib-ur-Rahman M, Ali M, Afzal M, Ahmed W, 2021, Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers enhance growth, yield, NUE in wheat crop and reduce nitrogen losses under an arid environment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28: 43528-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13700-4
Giambalvo D, Amato G, Borgia D, Ingraffia R, Librici C, 2022. Nitrogen availability drives mycorrhizal effects on wheat growth, nitrogen uptake and recovery under salt stress. Agron. 12: 2823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112823
Gooding MJ, Pinyosinwat A, Ellis RH, 2002. Responses of wheat grain yield and quality to seed rate. J. Agric. Sci. 138:317-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859602002137
Govindasamy P, Muthusamy SK, Bagavathiannan M, Mowrer J, Jagannadham PTK, Maity A, Halli HM, GK S, Vadivel R, Raj R, 2023. Nitrogen use efficiency—a key to enhance crop productivity under a changing climate. Front. Plant Sci. 14, 1121073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1121073
Guo Q, Liu L, Barkla BJ, 2019. Membrane lipid remodeling in response to salinity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20: 4264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174264
Haj-Amor Z, Araya T, Kim DG, Bouri S, Lee J, 2022, Soil salinity and its associated effects on soil microorganisms, greenhouse gas emissions, crop yield, biodiversity and desertification: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 26:156946. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156946
Hamilton PB, Van-Slyke DD, 1943. Amino acid determination with ninhydrin. J. Biol. Chem. 150: 231-250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51268-0
Hao S, Wang Y, Yan Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen S, 2021. A review on plant responses to salt stress and their mechanisms of salt resistance. Hortic. 7: 132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060132
Hassani A, Azapagic A, Shokri N, 2021. Global predictions of primary soil salinization under changing climate in the 21st century. Nat. Commun. 12: 6663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26907-3
Homayouni H, Razi H, Izadi M, Alemzadeh A, Kazemeini SA, Niazi A, Vicente O, 2024. Temporal changes in biochemical responses to salt stress in three Salicornia Species. Plants, 13(7), 979.Jadon P, S Rajendiran, SY Shashi, M Coumar, D Munuswamy, K Samaresh, 2018. Enhancing plant growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize through application of coated urea fertilizers. Intl. J. Chem. Stud. 6: 2430‒2437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070979
Kesawat MS, Satheesh N, Kherawat BS, Kumar A, Kim HU, Chung SM, Kumar M, 2023. Regulation of reactive oxygen species during salt stress in plants and their crosstalk with other signaling molecules—Current perspectives and future directions. Plants, 12: 864. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040864
Khan I, Mahmood S, Chattha MU, Bilal CM, Ahmad S, Awan MI, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Alhaithloul HAS, Qari SH, Mahmood F, 2023. Organic amendments ımproved the productivity and bio-fortification of fine rice by ımproving physiological responses and nutrient homeostasis under salinity stress. Plants, 12: 1644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081644
Kim I, Viswanathan K, Kasi G, Thanakkasaranee S, Sadeghi K, Seo J, 2022. ZnO nanostructures in active antibacterial food packaging: preparation methods, antimicrobial mechanisms, safety issues, future prospects, and challenges. Food Rev. Int. 38:537-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2020.1737709
Kumar P, Kumar T, Singh S, Tuteja N, Prasad R, Singh J, 2020. Potassium: A key modulator for cell homeostasis. J. Biotechnol. 324: 198-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.018
Lacerda CF, Oliveira EV, Neves AL, Gheyi HR, Bezerra MA, 2020. Morphophysiological responses and mechanisms of salt tolerance in four ornamental perennial species under tropical climate. Rev. Bras. de Eng. Agrícola e Ambient. 24: 656-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n10p656-663
Lichtenthaler HK, 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. In Methods in Enzymol. 148, 350-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1
Lu C, Li L, Liu X, Chen M, Wan S, Li G, 2023. Salt stress inhibits photosynthesis and destroys chloroplast structure by downregulating chloroplast development–related genes in Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings. Plants, 12: 1283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061283
Lungoci C, Motrescu I, Filipov F, Jitareanu CD, Teliban GC, Ghitau CS, Puiu I, Robu T, 2022. The impact of salinity stress on antioxidant response and bioactive compounds of Nepeta cataria L. Agronomy, 12(3), 562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030562
Mansoor S, Ali A, Kour N, Bornhorst J, AlHarbi K, Rinklebe J, Chung YS, 2023. Heavy metal induced oxidative stress mitigation and ROS scavenging in plants. Plants 12(16): 3003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163003
Metwally SA, Ezzo MI, Abou Leila BH, Abdalla AM, 2021. Effect of diluted red sea water on growth behavior and chemical component of Moringa plants. Annu. Res. Rev. Biol. 28: 72-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i430364
Mumtaz MZ, Saqib M, Abbas G, Akhtar J, Qamar ZU, 2018. Genotypic variation in rice for grain yield and quality as affected by salt-affected field conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 41: 233-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1385796
Munns R, Tester M, 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 651-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
Nakano Y, Asada K, 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 22: 867-880.
Nazir Q, Hussain A, Mumtaz MZ, Niaz A, Arif M, 2021. Efficiency of various formulations of urea coated with bioaugmented (Bacillus sp.) ZnO to improve growth, yield and Zn contents of wheat grains. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 30: 803-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/123504
Pan T, Liu M, Kreslavski VD, Zharmukhamedov SK, Nie C, 2021. Non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis by soil salinity. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51: 791-825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1735231
Qin H, Li Y, Huang R, 2020. Advances and challenges in the breeding of salt-tolerant rice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21: 8385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218385
Rawat N, Singla‐Pareek SL, Pareek A, 2021. Membrane dynamics during individual and combined abiotic stresses in plants and tools to study the same. Physiol. Plant. 171: 653-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13217
Rao KM, Sresty TVS, 2000. Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Sci. 157:113-28.Rehman A, M Nawaz, MU Chattha, I Khan, MB Chattha, F Hussain, MA Ayub, MM Iqbal, F Ahmed, MT Aslam, FA Khan, M Kharal, MU Hassan, 2021. Neem coated urea improves the productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and economic return of wheat crop. Intl. J. Agric. Biol. 26:450‒460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00273-9
Sangiorgio D, Cellini A, Spinelli F, Donati I, 2023. Promoting strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa) stress resistance, growth, and yield using native bacterial biostimulants. Agron. 13: 529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020529
Sáez-Plaza P, Navas MJ, Wybraniec S, Michałowski T, Asuero AG, 2013. An overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. Part II. Sample preparation, working scale, instrumental finish, and quality control. Cri. Rev. Anal. Chem. 43(4), 224-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2012.751787
Sikder RK, Wang X, Zhang H, Gui H, Dong Q, Jin D, Song M, 2020. Nitrogen enhances salt tolerance by modulating the antioxidant defense system and osmoregulation substance content in Gossypium hirsutum. Plants, 9, 450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040450
Singh M, Singh VP, Prasad SM, 2019. Nitrogen alleviates salinity toxicity in Solanum lycopersicum seedlings by regulating ROS homeostasis. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 141: 466-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.004
Sikora J, Niemiec M, Tabak M, Gródek-Szostak Z, Szeląg-Sikora A, Kuboń M, Komorowska M, 2020. Assessment of the efficiency of nitrogen slow-release fertilizers in integrated production of carrot depending on fertilization strategy. Sustainability, 12: 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051982
Stefanov MA, Rashkov GD, Borisova PB, Apostolova EL, 2024. Changes in photosystem II complex and physiological activities in pea and maize plants in response to salt stress. Plants, 13, 1025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071025
Taiz L, Zeiger E, Møller IM, Murphy A, 2015. Plant physiology and development. Sinauer Associates Incorporated, 6th Ed.; Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, UK, PP. 761.
Tarighaleslami M, Zarghami R, Boojar MM, Oveysi M, 2012. Effects of drought stress and different nitrogen levels on morphological traits of proline in leaf and protein of corn seed (Zea mays L.). Am. Eur. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 12: 49-56.
Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A, 2000. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: pro-tective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci. 151: 59-65.Wang X, He Y, Zhang C, Tian YA, Lei X, 2021. Physiological and transcriptional responses of Phalaris arundinacea under waterlogging conditions. J. Plant Physiol. 261: 153428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00197-1
Waqar M, Habib-ur-Rahman M, Hasnain MU, Iqbal S, Ghaffar A, Iqbal R, Hussain MI, Sabagh AE, 2022. Effect of slow release nitrogenous fertilizers and biochar on growth, physiology, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of sunflower under arid climate. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. 29: 52520-52533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19289-6
Wu Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, 2023. The critical role of biochar to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought and salinity stress in plants. Front. Plant Sci. 14: 1163451.Yang Z, Li JL, Liu LN, Xie Q, Sui N, 2020. Photosynthetic regulation under salt stress and salt-tolerance mechanism of sweet sorghum. Front. Plant Sci. 10: 1722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01722
Yaseen M, Aziz MZ, Manzoor A, Naveed M, Hamid Y, 2017. Promoting growth, yield, and phosphorus-use efficiency of crops in maize–wheat cropping system by using polymer-coated diammonium phosphate. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 48: 646-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2017.1282510
Xu X, Du X, Wang F, Sha J, Chen Q, Tian G, Zhu Z, Ge S, Jiang Y, 2020. Effects of potassium levels on plant growth, accumulation and distribution of carbon, and nitrate metabolism in apple dwarf rootstock seedlings. Front. Plant Sci. 11, 534048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00904
Zandi P, Schnug E, 2022. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant responses and implications from a microbial modulation perspective. Biology, 11: 155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020155
Zhao S, Zhang Q, Liu M, Zhou H, Ma C, 2021a. Regulation of plant responses to salt stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22: 4609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094609
Zhao D, Gao S, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zheng H, Rong K, Zhao W, Khan SA 2021b. Impact of saline stress on the uptake of various macro and micronutrients and their associations with plant biomass and root traits in wheat. Plant, Soil Environ. 67(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/467/2020-PSE
Zhang X, 1992. The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation and SOD, POD and CAT activities in biological system. In Research methodology of crop physiology; agriculture press: Beijing, China, pp. 208-211.Zörb C, Ludewig U, Hawkesford MJ, 2018. Perspective on wheat yield and quality with reduced nitrogen supply. Trends Plant Sci. 23:1029-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012

How to Cite

Chattha, M. U., Fatima, F., Khan, I., Daji, L., Chattha, M. B., Rasheed, A., Elnour, R. O., Asseri, T. A., Hashem, M., Alhaithloul, H. A., Hassan, M. U., & Qari, S. H. (2024). Nutrient-coated urea mitigates deleterious impacts of salinity and supports wheat performance by enhancing antioxidant activities, photosynthetic performance and nitrogen use efficiency. Italian Journal of Agronomy, (Early Access). https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2024.2219
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s) Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.